全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4490篇 |
免费 | 416篇 |
国内免费 | 469篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 53篇 |
2022年 | 82篇 |
2021年 | 109篇 |
2020年 | 124篇 |
2019年 | 158篇 |
2018年 | 166篇 |
2017年 | 142篇 |
2016年 | 127篇 |
2015年 | 140篇 |
2014年 | 232篇 |
2013年 | 300篇 |
2012年 | 179篇 |
2011年 | 278篇 |
2010年 | 207篇 |
2009年 | 260篇 |
2008年 | 245篇 |
2007年 | 297篇 |
2006年 | 228篇 |
2005年 | 227篇 |
2004年 | 151篇 |
2003年 | 142篇 |
2002年 | 157篇 |
2001年 | 117篇 |
2000年 | 121篇 |
1999年 | 107篇 |
1998年 | 75篇 |
1997年 | 88篇 |
1996年 | 87篇 |
1995年 | 60篇 |
1994年 | 59篇 |
1993年 | 65篇 |
1992年 | 60篇 |
1991年 | 40篇 |
1990年 | 41篇 |
1989年 | 44篇 |
1988年 | 37篇 |
1987年 | 37篇 |
1986年 | 37篇 |
1985年 | 40篇 |
1984年 | 52篇 |
1983年 | 35篇 |
1982年 | 35篇 |
1981年 | 28篇 |
1980年 | 27篇 |
1979年 | 19篇 |
1978年 | 12篇 |
1977年 | 13篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
1973年 | 9篇 |
排序方式: 共有5375条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
An investigation on the influence of lead toxicity on some of the hepatic enzymes was studied in rats both after a shorter
interval of 15 d and after longer intervals of 60 and 90 d. Three different doses of lead as 5, 10, and 50 mg/kg body wt were
administered orally on every alternate day. Whereas significant inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase was seen following lead
poisoning, the activity acid and alkaline phosphatase increased with lead intoxication. The histoarchitecture of the liver
was grossly intact. Liver accumulated less lead compared to kidney at 60 and 90 d. 相似文献
2.
Photosynthetic characteristics, specific leaf mass, chlorophyll and total leaf nitrogen concentrations of four herbaceous
plants (Dicranopteris linearis, Hanguana malayana, Pentaphragma ellipticum, Tacca integrifolia) from nutrient-poor tropical
forests showed that all these plants were well-adapted to their natural growth environments. No photoinhibition was observed
even in the understorey plants.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
《Cryobiology》2016,72(3):419-431
Cryoprotection of bulky organs is crucial for their storage and for subsequent transplantation. In this work we demonstrate the capability of the X-ray computed tomography (CT) as a non-invasive method to measure the cryoprotectant (cpa) concentration inside a tissue or an organ, specifically for the case of dymethil sulfoxide (Me2SO). It is remarkable that the use of Me2SO has been leader in techniques of cells and tissues cryopreservation. Although CT technologies are mainly based in density differences, and many cpas are alcohols with densities similar to water, the use of very low energies as acceleration voltage (∼70 kV) and the sulfur atom in the molecule of Me2SO makes possible the visualization of this cpa inside tissues. As result we obtain a CT signal proportional to the Me2SO concentration with a spatial resolution up to 50 μm in the case of our device. 相似文献
4.
《Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience》2019,13(1):119-126
Rib bone biopsy samples are often used to estimate changes in skeletal mineral reserves in cattle but differences in sampling procedures and the bone measurements reported often make interpretation and comparisons among experiments difficult. ‘Full-core’ rib bone biopsy samples, which included the external cortical bone, internal cortical bone and trabecular bone (CBext, CBint and Trab, respectively), were obtained from cattle known to be in phosphorus (P) adequate (Padeq) or severely P-deficient (Pdefic) status. Experiments 1 and 2 examined growing steers and Experiment 3 mature breeder cows. The thickness of cortical bone, specific gravity (SG), and the amount and concentration of ash and P per unit fresh bone volume, differed among CBext, CBint and Trab bone. P concentration (mg/cc) was closely correlated with both SG and ash concentrations (pooled data, r=0.99). Thickness of external cortical bone (CBText) was correlated with full-core P concentration (FC-Pconc) (pooled data, r=0.87). However, an index, the amount of P in CBext per unit surface area of CBext (PSACB; mg P/mm2), was more closely correlated with the FC-Pconc (pooled data, FC-Pconc=37.0+146×PSACB; n=42, r=0.94, RSD=7.7). Results for measured or estimated FC-Pconc in 10 published studies with cattle in various physiological states and expected to be Padeq or in various degrees of Pdefic status were collated and the ranges of FC-Pconc indicative of P adequacy and P deficiency for various classes of cattle were evaluated. FC-Pconc was generally in the range 130 to 170 and 100 to 120 mg/cc fresh bone in Padeq mature cows and young growing cattle, respectively. In conclusion, the FC-Pconc could be estimated accurately from biopsy samples of CBext. This allows comparisons between studies where full-core or only CBext biopsy samples of rib bone have been obtained to estimate changes in the skeletal P status of cattle and facilitates evaluation of the P status of cattle. 相似文献
5.
M. Wall L. Putchim G. M. Schmidt C. Jantzen S. Khokiattiwong C. Richter 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2015,282(1799)
Tropical scleractinian corals are particularly vulnerable to global warming as elevated sea surface temperatures (SSTs) disrupt the delicate balance between the coral host and their algal endosymbionts, leading to symbiont expulsion, mass bleaching and mortality. While satellite sensing of SST has proved a reliable predictor of coral bleaching at the regional scale, there are large deviations in bleaching severity and mortality on the local scale that are poorly understood. Here, we show that internal waves play a major role in explaining local coral bleaching and mortality patterns in the Andaman Sea. Despite a severe region-wide SST anomaly in May 2010, frequent upslope intrusions of cold sub-pycnocline waters due to breaking large-amplitude internal waves (LAIW) mitigated coral bleaching and mortality in shallow waters. In LAIW-sheltered waters, by contrast, bleaching-susceptible species suffered severe bleaching and total mortality. These findings suggest that LAIW benefit coral reefs during thermal stress and provide local refugia for bleaching-susceptible corals. LAIW are ubiquitous in tropical stratified waters and their swash zones may thus be important conservation areas for the maintenance of coral diversity in a warming climate. Taking LAIW into account can significantly improve coral bleaching predictions and provide a valuable tool for coral reef conservation and management. 相似文献
6.
Liver plasma membranes prepared from genetically diabetic (db/db) mice expressed levels of Gi α-2, Gi α-3 and G-protein β-subunits that were reduced by some 75, 63 and 73% compared with levels seen in membranes from lean animals. In contrast, there were no significant differences in the expression of the 42 and 45 kDa forms of Gs α-subunits. Pertussis toxin-catalysed ADP-ribosylation of membranes from lean animals identified a single 41 kDa band whose labelling was reduced by some 86% in membranes from diabetic animals. Cholera toxin-catalysed ADP-ribosylation identified two forms of Gs α-subunits whose labelling was about 4-fold greater in membranes from diabetic animals compared with those from lean animals. Maximal stimulations of adenylyl cyclase activity by forskolin (100 μM), GTP (100 μM), p[NH]ppG (100 μM), NaF (10 mM) and glucagon (10 μM) were similar in membranes from lean and diabetic animals, whereas stimulation by isoprenaline (100 μM) was lower by about 22%. Lower concentrations (EC50-60 nM) of p[NH]ppG were needed to activate adenylyl cyclase in membranes from diabetic animals compared to those from lean animals (EC50-158 nM). As well as causing activation, p[NH]ppG was capable of eliciting a pertussis toxin-sensitive inhibitory effect upon forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in membranes from both lean and diabetic animals. However, maximal inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity in membranes from diabetic animals was reduced to around 60% of that found using membranes from lean animals. Pertussis toxin-treatment in vivo enhanced maximal stimulation of adenylyl cyclase by glucagon, isoprenaline and p[NH]ppG through a process suggested to be mediated by the abolition of functional Gi activity. The lower levels of expression of G-protein β-subunits, in membranes from diabetic compared with lean animals, is suggested to perturb the equilibria between holomeric and dissociated G-protein subunits. We suggest that this may explain both the enhanced sensitivity of adenylyl cyclase to stimulation by p[NH]ppG in membranes from diabetic animals and the altered ability of pertussis and cholera toxins to catalyse the ADP-ribosylation of G-proteins in membranes from these two animals. 相似文献
7.
8.
Accurate prediction of the leaching requirements (Lr) of crops and striving to attain them is essential for efficient irrigation
water use. Solute modeling was extended to develop four Lr conceptual models that do not neglect solute reactions in the root-zone,
surface evaporation, and the influence of immobile wetted pore space. The models were based on: (i) the water movement equation
which included an exponential water-uptake function (-e) or the 40-30-20-10 water-uptake function (-4); (ii) the solute movement
equation for a reactive salt of a linear reaction term (the Lrchem-e and Lrchem-4 models); or the employment of output (salinity
of soil solution, EC vs concentration factor, CF) of the SAO comprehensive chemical model (the LrSAO-e and LrSAO-4 models);
and (iii) the inclusion of an effective soil solution volume in the transport equations. The root-zone average relative effective
soil solution volume νeff (L | L50, p) was of sigmoidal response to leaching fraction (L) with two adjustable parameters L50
and p; the root-zone average reduced retention coefficient decreased linearly with L; and salt concentration at soil surface
was related to salt concentration of irrigation water (ECi) by the fraction of irrigation water that evaporated (∈). The resulted
concentration profiles indicated the salt behaved as a conservative one down to a threshold depth (xs) below of which salt
was retained and precipitated. The depth of the conservative-salt front, xs increased with L and the 40-30-20-10 water-uptake
pattern overestimated the xs depth relative to the exponential pattern. Concentration profiles were integrated to compute
the root-zone average salinity, which was converted to crop salt-tolerance threshold (AE). The four conceptual models were
successfully calibrated using experimental AE/ECi vs. Lr data with the input parameter values: ς = 0.27, p = 1.44, L50 = 0.16,
ω = 2, and ∈ = 0 or 0.1 for the exponential or the 40-30-20-10 pattern, respectively; where ς is relative root length parameter
and ω is a weighing parameter. No significant difference existed between the four model correlations at the 0.05 level. The
four models require ECi and AE of the crop as input for Lr prediction. Sensitivity analysis revealed predicted Lr was sensitive
the least to error in ∈. For tolerant and moderately tolerant crops Lr was sensitive the most to ς, and for sensitive crops
to L50 and p. Model verification and validation were discussed. In deriving the present Lr models, no osmotic adjustment was
required and both the exponential and the 40-30-20-10 water uptake patterns were, equivalently, applicable.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
JUN YOKOYAMA TATSUYA FUKUDA AKIKO YOKOYAMA MASAYUKI MAKI 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2002,138(3):369-380
Morphologically intermediate plants between Weigela hortensis (Siebold & Zucc.) K.Koch and W. maximowiczii (S.Moore) Rehder have been found in Miyagi and Yamagata Pref., northern Japan. Quantitative character analyses of flowers, pollen stainability and molecular analyses indicated that the intermediate plants were hybrids of those two species. This is the first record of an intersectional hybrid with W. maximowiczii (sect. Weigelastrum ) as one of the parent species. The morphological differences among hybrid individuals imply the possibility of backcrosses or formation of second or later generations of hybrids, although those may be quite rare because of a low frequency of viable pollen grains. Causes of hybridization between two distantly-related species in Weigela are discussed. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 138 , 369–380. 相似文献
10.
《Journal of molecular biology》2021,433(22):167254
Tau is an intrinsically disordered protein implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. The repeat domain fragment of tau, tau-K18, is known to undergo a disorder to order transition in the presence of lipid micelles and vesicles, in which helices form in each of the repeat domains. Here, the mechanism of helical structure formation, induced by a phospholipid mimetic, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at sub-micellar concentrations, has been studied using multiple biophysical probes. A study of the conformational dynamics of the disordered state, using photoinduced electron transfer coupled to fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (PET-FCS) has indicated the presence of an intermediate state, I, in equilibrium with the unfolded state, U. The cooperative binding of the ligand (L), SDS, to I has been shown to induce the formation of a compact, helical intermediate (IL5) within the dead time (∼37 µs) of a continuous flow mixer. Quantitative analysis of the PET-FCS data and the ensemble microsecond kinetic data, suggests that the mechanism of induction of helical structure can be described by a U ↔ I ↔ IL5 ↔ FL5 mechanism, in which the final helical state, FL5, forms from IL5 with a time constant of 50–200 µs. Finally, it has been shown that the helical conformation is an aggregation-competent state that can directly form amyloid fibrils. 相似文献